The Picture of Dorian Gray 5

Passage: (In response to Dorian's response when it was not Lord Henry, but his wife coming into the library.)

"'You thought it was my husband. It is only his wife. You must let me introduce myself. I know you quite well by your photographs. I think my husband has got seventeen of them.'

'Not seventeen, Lady Henry?'

'Well, eighteen, then. And I saw you with him the other night at the Opera.'"


The conversation between Lady Henry and Dorian embodies many of the ongoing motifs in the novel. When Lady Henry says "It is only his wife" it is said in a casual tone that portrays marriage as nothing serious or significant (using the word "only"). Then Lady Henry goes on to say "I know you quite well by your photographs". It is ironic because one cannot know someone "well" just based off looks (relevant to the beauty motif). She, syntactically, starts the sentence saying "I know you well", which sets the conversation toward a more personal level, however, Lady Henry then balks the personal relationship by saying she knows him through photographs. It is odd that Lady Henry brings up a specific amount of photographs that Lord Henry has of Dorian Gray, and even more odd when Dorian challenges her estimate. She then slows down the specificity of the photographs, with a flippant tone, "well, eighteen, then", when she says "then", the tone of the conversation comes off as lacking interest, and almost agitated. By going one number up from seventeen, it shows that Lady Henry is not really concerned with the specific number, which is ironic that she brought "seventeen" up at all, which emphasizes why the statement is so odd. Lady Henry then mentions that she saw Dorian "with him the other night at the Opera". The statement raises the question: why was she not at the Opera with her husband, and also, why wouldn't she say hello to her husband if she saw him? The statement echoes one made by Lady Henry later in the chapter when she says "I like Wagner's music better than anybody's. it is so loud that one can talk the whole time without other people hearing what one says." Both statements embody the hedonistic way of life; a husband and wife aren't at an Opera together (casual relationships (The Wasteland)), and when attending a classy Opera, they wish the music to be tuned so that "one can talk the whole time".


This passage, syntactically, is placed at the start of Dorian's development as a hedonist, or rather, exhibiting the influences Lord Henry has had on him (echoed later by Lady Henry, saying "Ah! that is one of Harry's views, isn't it, Mr. Gray?"). When he meets Lady Henry, she is similar, if not practically the same character as Lord Henry, which is to show that beauty leaves a person vacuous, rather than intelligence, which makes a person have personality (for example, Basil, a painter, and Lord Fermor, a well educated politician, who are all foils of Lord Henry in that they have a multitude of personality) (beauty vs. intelligence motif). When Lady Henry says "you thought it was my husband" it shows she was aware Dorian's expectations to see Lord Henry, and she took it upon herself to see Dorian (she didn't happen to stumble into Dorian). The conversation transitions into Lady Henry's invitation for Dorian to attend a party of hers. The abruptness of the introduction, and the expedience leading to an invitation exhibits the hedonistic, casual actions and views of Lady and Lord Henry.


*** Although the writing styles of Wilde differ greatly from Shelley, there are a lot of qualities in common between the two, since they are both during the Romance era. Throughout the Romance era, especially in England there was a desire to reinvent Greek values. In Frankenstein, other than the homoeroticism, the beauty of characters, the relationships, and how nature is portrayed are similar in The Picture of Dorian Gray. Lord Henry says, in Chapter 2, "return to the Hellenic ideal- to something finer, richer, than the Hellenic ideal." Lord Henry, the emblem of the hedonistic motif, is voicing, and contributing to the theme and Greek motif. The rampant flower references, are similar to the nature references made in Frankenstein. Also, like a flower (nature), beauty is "destined to fade" (as Lord Henry says), so as the plot progresses, Dorian will attempt to defy nature and keep his beauty forever, similar to Victor's defiance of nature- creating the creature.

The Picture of Dorian Gray 4

Passage: "One afternoon, a month later, Dorian Gray was reclining in a luxurious arm-chair. In the little library of Lord Henry's house in Mayfair. It was, in its way, a very charming room, with its high paneled wainscoting of olive-stained oak, its cream colored frieze and ceiling of raised plaster-work, and its brickdust felt carpet strewn with silk long-fringed Persian rugs."

The first sentence of the passage starts with "one afternoon", which is ambiguous and anticipated from the ongoing listless diction; however, it also says "a month later", which is startlingly specific. The reference to time is brought up solely because of Dorian Gray, who, over that "month" has been greatly influenced by Lord Henry evident because the line "Dorian Gray was reclining in a luxurious arm-chair" is syntactically placed right after. The alliteration "little library" seems negligent, however, the alliteration brings focus to the setting which sets the foundation for the luxurious diction that comes after it. The sentences that follow are so descriptive, they are similar to descriptions of a picture. Syntactically Dorian Gray is put at the beginning of the passage, the alliteration of the setting (little library) brings the focus to the setting, or the picture, and the descriptive sentences that follow use imagery to paint the picture. The metaphorical transformation of Dorian Gray into a picture is echoed in a assertion made by Lord Henry in chapter 3, "the mere shapes and pattern of things becoming as it were, refined, and gaining a kind of symbolical value, as though they were themselves patterns." It then says, in reference to Dorian Gray, "He would make that wonderful spirit his own." I believe the passage is the first signs of Dorian Gray's transformation into a hedonist, like Lord Henry, and a picture, foreshadowed in Chapter 2 (when Dorian wishes to give his soul to look like his picture).

Syntactically, the hedonistic transformation of Dorian Gray is placed after the "month" of being with Lord Henry. The luxurious, languid diction of the the following sentences emphasize the dense, listless, beauty of the setting, and Dorian Gray. Words like "high paneled", "olive-stained oak", "cream colored", and "silk", contribute to the setting, and has an affect on the tone, making it as dense, and listless as the setting. The connotations associated with Persian rugs further accentuates the lavish lifestyle of Lord Henry.

The Picture of Dorian Gray 3

Passage: ...He was a marvelous type, too, this lad, whom by so curious a chance he had met in Basil's studio, or could be fashioned into a marvelous type, at any rate. Grace was his, and the white purity of boyhood, and beauty such as old Greek marbles kept for us. There was nothing that one could not do with him. He could be made a Titan or a toy. What a pity it was that such beauty was destined to fade!...

The motif of Hedonism begins to consume the plot when Lord Henry meets Dorian Gray, the real Dorian Gray. Lord Henry is characterized as a hedonist when he goes on a rant to Dorian Gray about why "there is no such thing as a good influence", continuing by saying "the aim of life is self-development". The above passage encompasses Lord Henry's hedonistic views and Dorian Gray. As the story progresses, Dorian Gray and Lord Henry are found in the garden together. Lord Henry comments on the value of youth to Dorian Gray, commenting that "youth is the one thing worth having". The statement about youth echoes the last line of the above passage, that it is a pity Dorian Gray will inevitably loose his beauty. By saying "he could be a Titan or a toy" Lord Henry both complements and demeans Dorian Gray. He complements Dorian Gray by using the profound image of a Titan, however, also says he could be made into a toy. The alliteration brings an immense focus to the juxtaposition of the two vastly different images. A Titan (defined as a pre-Olympian Greek god; often depicted as giants) is a powerful image of a valiant, sculptural looking man. A toy is a mere object, with little value other than an attractive appearance, which is the only similarity between the images: attractive appearance. In the passage above, "the white purity of boyhood, and beauty such as old Greek marbles kept for us", is in reference to the relevance of Dorian Gray to the novel. "White", syntactically placed before "purity", over accentuates "purity" because purity is very often affiliated with the color white. He then says "old Greek marbles kept for us", the statement is continuing the Greek "Hellenic" motif. The "Greek marbles", an understatement for the Greek sculptures of over accentuated muscles, etc., are furthering a point made by Lord Henry that beauty doesn't last, but is kept unchanged through art (the picture of Dorian Gray). Dorian Gray wants to give his soul to look like the painting Basil painted, similar to the beauty encapsulated in "Greek marbles", which are also white like the "white purity of boyhood".

Syntactically, the observation made by Lord Henry is framed by ellipses. By doing so, it separates the observation from the streaming thought, and brings focus to the observation. The tone is very slow moving, long flowing sentences similar to Lord Henry, until the last sentence; It is dramatic, the word choice "destined" makes the situation sound more story like. The exclamation point is placed syntactically at the end of the observation. The sentence is put at the end to tell the reader, despite all the languidly observed beautiful features of Dorian Gray, they are "destined to fade!".

The Picture of Dorian Gray 2

Passage: "Dorian Gray stepped up on the dais, with the air of a young Greek martyr, and made a little moue of discontent to Lord Henry, to whom he had rather taken a fancy. He was so unlike Basil. They made a delightful contrast. And he had such a beautiful voice."

The juxtaposition of Basil Hallward and Lord Henry echoes the motif of intellect against beauty, which is emphasized by Dorian Gray. In Chapter 1, Basil says "the personality of Dorian Gray will dominate me", which is contrasted by Lord Henry's statement about Dorian Gray: "I am bound to the state that she never told me he was good-looking" (making it seem as though beauty is the only thing anyone should be paying attention to. This is ironic because Basil, the artist and "intellectual" finds obsession in Dorian Gray's "personality", whereas Lord Henry, the heidonist, finds obsession in Dorian Gray's good looks. The juxtaposition of the obessions they have of Dorian Gray is, ironically, acknowledged by Dorian Gray in the above passage "delightful contrast". Lord Henry, then says "Genius lasts longer than Beauty." The statement is foreshadwoing the plot, through the beauty and genius motif: Dorian Gray is obsessed with his beauty, and through genius (art; Basil) his beauty will last. The concept of Homosociality, theororized by Eve Sedgwick, is evident in the relationshup between the three men. Despite their ambiguous sexualities, all three discuss looks of other men. "With the air of a young Greek martyr", is reference to Dorian's Greek like beauty. Greek culture and society is associated with homosociality, and also the visual image of Greek sculptures: overaccentuated male muscles make the asociation with Dorian Gray appropriate.

Dorian Gray is characterized as youthful through childish diction. Earlier in the chapter, when Basil tells Lord Henry to leave the scene, Dorian, childishly, fights Basil's wishes by saying "Oh, please don't, Lord Henry. I see that Basil is in one of his sulky moods; and I can't bear him when he sulks. Besides, I want you to tell me why I should not go in for philanthropy." He then tries to keep Lord Henry by expressing an interest in what he has to say "I want you to tell me why". By begging, "Oh, please don't", and following with a complaint about Basil, Dorian Gray has portrayed hisself to be, not only youthful, but immature. The syntax of the first sentence "Dorian Gray stepped on the dais", sets up the paragraph to have Dorian Gray above the setting, which contributes to the imagery of Dorian Gray, being put, literally, on a pedastal.



** I find many allusions to The Wasteland, however, I, painfully, discovered that The Wasteland was written after The Picture of Dorian Gray. When describing the relationship Lord Henry has with his wife, he says "I never know where my wife is, and my wife never knows what I am doing. When we meet- we do meet occasionally,". The noncallant meetings, and relationship he has with his wife echoes the relationshups being described in The Wasteland. Then, "After a pause, Lord Henry pulled out his watch. 'I am afriad i must be going Basil,' he murmured". The time reference is similar to the allusion made in The Great Gatsby, when Gatsby almost breaks the clock- in reference to the part of The Wasteland "HURRY UP PLEASE IT'S TIME" (Line 141). I find it also relevant in that The Great Gatsby also had the homosociality motif.

The Picture of Dorian Gray 1

Passage: "The dim roar of London was like the bourdon note of a distant organ."

Among the florid, and flowing words in the beginning of the novel, the passage above sticks out, deliberately, to express its qualities of foreshadowing to the reader. Chapter 1 begins with a deep, slow moving (due to use of adjectives), "light summer wind" like diction. The immense imagery is due to the deep detail of the flowers; forcing the reader to imagine what they look like. Then comes the passage above, the last sentence of the second paragraph (syntax), that is not abruptly thrown into the readers view, but still drastically differs from the rest. It is clearly foreshadowing due to the words "dim", and "distant". They not only begin with the letter "d", to show emphasis on their importance, but also share similar denotation and connotation. The word "distant" means far off, which portrays a sense of perception, alluding to something in "the distance" that could, as the story progresses, relate closer to the plot. The start of the passage begins with the paradox "the dim roar" which is in reference to London. The word "dim" contrasts the word "roar" to bring more focus and emphasis to the importance of the sentence, alluding to the relevance the "roar" of London will have as the novel progresses.

The passage holds syntactical relevance in that it is deliberately placed in the beginning of Chapter 1, and is placed at the end of the second paragraph. All sentences leading up to the above passage use words like: "rich", "light", "beauty", "honey", "heavy", "delicate"- that portray a languid and peaceful diction, which emphasizes the relevance. The sentence isn't so drastically abrupt because of the soft diction used to portray the profound foreshadowing; the words "dim" and "distant"are used to counteract the biting sounds of "roar" and "bourdon", portraying a bleak, but still soft tone. Through parallelism and simile, the "The dim roar" is directly correlated with "the bourdon note", and "London" Is directly correlated with "a distant organ". The parallelism further defines "the dim roar", and "London", by using the same structure to say "the bourdon note", and "a distant organ".

Dubliners: Counterparts

Passage: "Darkness, accompanied by a thick fog, was gaining upon the dusk of February and the lamps in Eustace Street had been lit."


The passage above holds a strong relevance in not only Counterparts, but also Araby. "When the short days of winter came dusk fell before we had well eaten our dinners." The passage is referencing the myriad of motifs and themes that have been repeating. Both passages introduce the motif of darkness and British oppression. When the protagonist comes home to a dark house, he exclaims "Light the lamp. What do you mean by having the place in darkness?" For Dubliners, everything is dark. The protagonist is humiliated when he looses an arm wrestling fight. The defeat he exhibits is similar to the lead protagonist in A Little Cloud. In A Little Cloud, the protagonist exhibits intellectual defeat when he is debased by his British friend. The protagonist of Counterparts is defeated in an arm wrestling match, by a fellow Dubliner. This contrast shows the intellectual defeat, characterizing the successful British, and the physical, barbarian like, defeat, characterizing Ireland/Dubliners. The juxtaposition of the two stories help to accentuate the contrast of the British and Irish.

Similar, syntacitally, to the passage from Araby, the passage above is placed in the beginning of the story. By doing this, it creates the dark motif, and sets up the dark diction and tone. By choosing "accompanied by a thick fog", it alludes to a motif bigger than just the repeated "darkness". Since each story is syntactically placed to display a different age in life, the reader infers "a thick fog"as a symbol of what age brings into your life. At first is was "darkness", but as the protagonists get older and older, now "a thick fog" has accompanied the "darkness" that was already keeping the Dubliners down.

Dubliners: A Little Cloud

"There was no doubt about it: if you wanted to succeed you had to go away. You could do nothing in Dublin."

Throughout the story, Joyce uses the motif of British oppression. The whole motif, and idea is encompassed the passage above. The protagonist is the vehicle that conveys the motif. He desires more out of life; he wishes to be a poet. This dream to be, is echoed in the passage "When his hour had struck he stood up and took leave of his desk and of his fellow-clerks punctiliously. He emerged from under the feudal arch of the King's Inns". While he's day dreaming of being a poet, "he emerged from under the feudal arch", which is a metaphor for his dreams; the dreams are tangible ideas in his head, similar to the physical "arch", but they won't be pursued in Dublin, evident in the above passage; they're futile like the arch itself. The main focus, other than the protagonist, is his friend, Ignatius Gallaher, a successful Dubliner. Gallaher, characterized in the passage "You could tell that at once by his travelled air, his well-cut tweed suit, and fearless accent." He is the first Dubliner to be characterized in such a successful and respecting manner, which is why, when the reader discovers Gallaher found success in England, that the motif of British oppression is continuing throughout the stories, and that the above passage is the true focal point of the story. The dreams of the protagonist slowly digress as the story progresses. Gallaher contributes to the digression, as a symbol of British oppression. He degrades the protagonist- going off on tangents in French, referring to him like a child, until the protagonist relizes, and states, "Gallaher was only patronising him by his friendliness just as he was paronising Ireland by his visit." The passage initiates Gallaher as the symbol of British oppression, and Little Chandler as the symbol of the oppressed Irish. The story ends with his dreams, that once seemed possible, being dessicated- when he comes home to his wife and child. The end of the story is appropriate and anticipated by the reader in the forshadowing conversation of marriage between Gallaher and Little Chandler, ending with the bitter remark by Gallaher, saying "Must get a bit stale, I should think." Little Chandler has a wife and child, which Gallaher does not, which heightens the contrast between the Brtish and the Irish. It is because of Little Chandler's family, and his unhappiness with his wife that neither of them address, or choose to fix, that he cannot progress, that he continues to live in Ireland, and continues to be oppressed by the British.


Joyce puts a great amount of rhetoric into the syntax of the sentence. With the use of a colon, he puts syntactical definition, and focus on the most important part of the sentence, "if you wanted..." The syntax of the sentence in the paragraph, helps the reader to acknoledge its meaning. The paragraph begins with an uplifting, less morbid tone to the paragraph, beginning "Little Chandler quickened his pace" which is neither negative nor dark sounding. The uplifting tone flows through to the prodound above passage. The sentence is, however, not uplifting to a Dubliner, clearly stating that you cannot progress in Dublin. The tone of the paragraph diverts the reader's attention away from it's importance. It helps to foreshadow the protagonist's the lack of seriousness in the idea, and how the protagonist isn't going to leave Dublin.

Dubliners: Two Gallants

Passage: "He turned to the left when he came to the corner of Rutland Square and felt more at ease in the dark, quiet street, the sombre look of which suited his mood."

The passage above encompasses many of the ongoing motifs, and metaphors, that are reoccurring in all the stories, prior, in Dubliners. The reference of "Rutland Square", a reference to any street name, or specific area has been repeatedly used in all the stories. "He turned to the left", the specificity of direction, and the names of all the streets conveys to the reader a tangible scene, and character. Like in all the stories, the dubliners are oppressed, and "sombre"- mentioned in the above passage. It is perplexing that the character would feel more at ease on a dark, quiet, and sombre looking road. The ease that the character feels is similar to the ongoing motifs of British oppression, and the lack of happiness that is achieved by the Irish. Rutland Square, coincidentally, is the scene of the beginning and end of the story. This circular, shape like directional motif is evident in many of the stories. In Eveline, for a vague example, in one of the last paragraphs, Frank was "saying something about the passage over and over again." In addition to Eveline, After The Race, begins with a car race, which in on a track, which is usually circular, and repeated- metaphorically, a car is always getting ahead, but repeating the same direction. The spiral directions presented to the reader are a metaphor for the Irish progression- always ending up where they began.

The "dark" tone of the passage is relevant in all stories of Dubliners. It holds a lot of meaning pertaining to the dubliners themselves. The character finds comfort in the dark and sombre street. This unusual comfort is blatant to the reader. The syntax of the passage puts, "He turned to the left... and felt more at ease" to inevitably make the reader anticipate a comforting detail, only to be flustered by "in the dark, quiet street, the sombre look of which suited his mood."By putting the feeling of "ease" before the "dark", "quiet", and "sombre", Joyce puts more emphasis on the words that have been repeating in the previous stories.

Dubliners: Eveline

Passage:"He rushed beyond the barrier and called her to follow. He was shouted at to go on but he still called to her. She set her white face to him, passive, like a helpless animal. Her eyes gave him no sign of love or farewell or recognition. "


Within Dubliners, the story Eveline is not only the first short story with a female protagonist, but also a protagonist with a name: Eveline. The passage above encompasses everything Eveline is trying to get at throughout the story. At the start of the story, Eveline is a myopic, listless, individual leaning on a window, an on going motif throughout Dubliners, reminiscing in the past; which happens to be pre-British oppression, or "before the new red houses" (pg. 25). Eveline reminisces over the past, dreams about the future, and when given the opportunity to escape the present moment, she holds back. By remaining in the present- remaining in Ireland- she is dehumanized, "like a helpless animal". The dehumanization of Eveline is similar to the dehumanization of the main protagonist in Araby, who, at the end of the story "saw myself as a creature".

Though the end of Eveline is powerful, Joyce contradicts the climax, with a docile tone. Eveline undergoes an epiphany, which is why she's ostentatious enough to flee her father, a possible symbol of Ireland. When she is ready to board the ship with Frank, who is conveyed to the reader as a strong, brave, hero, she gives up. A rising climax is balked by the protagonist's incapability to leave her home, Ireland. Joyce describes, "She set her white face to him; passive, like a helpless animal", as oppose to being blunt, he eases the protagonist's defeat with a more soft tone; describing her face as, "white" instead of vacuous, or empty. He makes the reader perplexed, and draw their own conclusions, another ongoing literary element used by Joyce, begging the question: if she had the opportunity to leave, why did she succumb to defeat?

Dubliners: Araby

Passage: "I watched my master's face pass from amiability to sternness; he hoped I was not beginning to idle. I could not call my wandering thoughts together. I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life which, now that it stood between me and my desire, seemed to me child's play, ugly monotonous child's play."


Joyce uses the ongoing theme of the protagonist's struggle to grow up; evident in The Sisters, An Encounter, and Araby. In the passage above, the protagonist has an epiphany like experience in his classroom. This epiphany is foreshadowed and supported in The Sisters, and Araby. In The Sisters, Joyce uses the death of Rev. James Flynn to put the protagonist at war with himself, and to see reality for what reality is; increasing the inevitability of an epiphany. In An Encounter, Joyce uses the Mid Western motif to echo the protagonist's striver to grow up, which is balked by the the protagonist's immature escape through childish literature. "I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life", since the protagonist has found love, he puts on as if he has found the true meaning of life, or "desire". The protagonist refers to "serious work of life" as "ugly monotonous child's play." By demeaning "serious work" to "child's play" the protagonist misleads the reader into truly believing he is progressing.


In Araby, the protagonist has found love. Love- a moving, light, florid subject- is contradicted by Joyce's tone. "When the short days of winter came dusk fell before we had well eaten our dinners." This characteristic of the setting sets up Joyce's repeated use of words like: "dark", "figure", and "shadow". Mangan's sister is never fully observed, she is always described as a "brown figure", or always illuminated by lamplight. This use of illumination and vague figure contributes to the intangibility of the relationship the protagonist has with the girl; always observing her through windows, or from afar, never seeing her straight forward, always via illumination from surrounding light. "I was thankful that I could see so little", the quote echoes Joyce's "dark", "shadowy", unclear tone, and, furthermore, proves the protagonist's inability to mature.

Dubliners: The Sisters

Passage: "It was late when I fell asleep. Though I was angry with old Cotter for alluding to me as a child, I puzzled my head to extract meaning from his unfinished sentences. In the dark of my room I imagined that I saw again the heavy grey face of the paralytic. I drew the blankets over my head and tried to think of Christmas."

In "The Sisters", Joyce uses the death of the protagonist's close friend, Rev. James Flynn, to develop a theme revolved around a child's internal struggle with growing up. To further establish this theme, Joyce separates the story into three parts, each corresponding with a different chronological mindset. In the beginning, he presents the reader with a character unable to grasp the idea of the deterioration of his mentor's health, the protagonist is childlike. Joyce uses the above passage as a transition between black and white concepts of childhood, to more abstract and complex concepts of adulthood; contrasting the protagonist's childish thoughts of "Christmas" with the looming "heavy grey face of the paralytic". He explains how the priest showed him "how complex and mysterious were certain institutions of the Church which I had always regarded as the simplest acts." Rev. Flynn is much older than the protagonist, offering a wealth of insight. Joyce uses the church as a metaphor for life; the protagonist is understanding the complexity of adulthood.



Diction plays a key role in how the reader will understand the story. Joyce uses word choice to shape his tone. Using words like: "grey", "dark", and "heavy". "There was a heavy odour in the room- the flowers." The flowers were an uplifting detail to the situation- death- at first, but the beginning of the sentence: "heavy odour", although ambiguous, conveys a negative tone towards flowers, which are an emblem of optimism and happiness. Joyce also, like Mr. Cotter, leaves many passages open ended, "But I could not remember the end of the dream." In doing so, he leaves a lot of thinking to the reader.